Overview. S. Operation Support Systems /Business Support Systems (OSS/BSS) are the heart of the telecom operations and will be heavily impacted with 5G-based application and services. seriousness — of, showing, or. Relating to operation we work usually of NOC (Network Operation Centers) or SOC (Service. The base stations in a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAN are referred to as Node Bs and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). BSS supports and automates other management functions, such as product management, customer management, revenue management, or order management. . . An operations support system (OSS) is software that is used for network monitoring, control, analysis, and management. Base Station Subsystem Technology,. The following table provides a list of nearly 1,000 acronyms / glossary for many commonly used terminologies in OSS/BSS and telco situations. "Streamline your operations with OSS/BSS solutions. 6. What Makes this Telecommunications Resume Example Work? The above telecom resume sample exhibits the following characteristics: It highlights relevant skills. Base Station Subsystem. Kiki Port. The role of telecommunication network/service and infrastructure providers has moved from providing mere access to being an integral part of the total offering that requires the ability to combine business, IT, and. Courses. Tests are primarily used to determine how well it handles a range of cases, representing real-world user actions that may occur in the duration of a call. In the heart of Madrid, the Ericsson OSS/BSS Summit. 87: Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier. B. IoT has significant implications in improving infrastructure management in telecom. Looking for the definition of BSS? Find out what is the full meaning of BSS on Abbreviations. OSS, which stands for operations support systems or operational support systems, is a collection of computer programs designed to help providers monitor, analyse and manage telecom networks. In the heart of Madrid, the Ericsson OSS/BSS Summit 2023 came to life. Attendees got the chance to network, exchange ideas, and deeply understand the latest technology and trends. Differences between OSS and BSS in telecommunications. Find out more about Ericsson BSS Solutions. telecommunications (telecom): Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission. Optimizing telecom BSS automation starts with selecting the right tools that meet your business goals and the skills of your employees. The digital upheaval in the telecom space is calling into question the clear distinction that telecom operators have traditionally maintained between their IT and network departments. What does BSS mean? We know 500 definitions for BSS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. In fact, Via Satellite’s Satellite Executive of the Year, Matt Desch, CEO of MSS operator Iridium Communications, specifically identified this trend as one of the key. BSS would capture the order, set-up the billing and pass the order to OSS for fulfillment. A BSC works. A staggering 98% of operators surveyed realize that they need to alter their existing BSS systems to support new 5G use cases. Digital transformation in the telecommunications sector. Technology, Technical, Computer Security. Seasoned Telecom BSS-OSS Solution Architect, Technology Management and Presales professional with over 20 years of experience. Traditionally, OSS tended to provide network-facing or network-operations-facing functionality. bss segment is an optimization. Telecom, Technology, Information Technology. After subscribing to a service, users can leverage the user plane function (UPF) at the edge and access the applications and content deployed on the mobile edge computing (MEC. OSS/BSS is evolving to meet network service complexity and the ability to offer and monetize a wider range of differentiated products and services. BSS focuses on all activities within the organization. Optiva Inc. The BTS and the BSC communicate across the specified Abis interface, enabling operations between components that are made by different suppliers. Base stations are part of a mobile radio network that represents the largest part of the overall mobile network. 2. BGAN provides simultaneous data and voice communications globally via compact portable, vehicular and static terminals. CSG was founded by Neal Hansen as a division of First Data in 1982. It allocates radio channels,. Ericsson Billing is a convergent, end-to-end billing system for any type of communications service provider; mobile, fixed-line, broadband, TV provider, digital provider and OTT (Over The Top). See how a modern digitized communications business can:Home Subscriber Server in telecom is an integral aspect of the EPC network. BSS. It is often referred to as the "bss section" or "bss segment". What does BSS stand for in Computer? Get the top BSS abbreviation related to Computer. Along with providing a framework for evolving from classic circuit switch (CS) to packet switch (PS) telephony, IMS is lauded for its openness and well. Also find descriptions for U2C, P2O, R2A, O2P, U2P, T2C, C2S and many more. OSS and BSS in telecom can get us there. In computer programming, the block starting symbol (abbreviated to . IT managed BSS applications, whereas the network department dealt with OSS applications. The term for a Local Exchange Carrier following deregulation of the telecommunications industry. OSS can be viewed as IT Service Management (ITSM), but for telecom. What does BSS mean? We know 500 definitions for BSS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. Business Support Systems (BSS) are used to interact with customers. O2A (Order to Activate) and T2R (Trouble to Resolve) are just two of many workflow-related acronyms. OSS is either Operational Support Systems or Operations Support Systems. 20. Harnessing our robust, mature, proven platform, we deliver innovative use cases that are digitizing industries, transforming telcos, and reimagining the consumer experience. Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number. What it means in practice is that BSS provides solutions to manage your clients, your sales and to settle your. The 5G policy control function manages demands that are more focused on network capabilities. The Base Station System (BSS) All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which. The core function of the BSF is to track sessions that are. Provided technical leadership on telecommunication needs by identifying solutions, and developing timeline for deliverables. Deploying telecom solutions to these structures can be a challenge. BSS transformation modernizes telecommunications networks by replacing a legacy business support system (BSS) with a digital BSS, enabling operators to introduce advanced digital services. TMA Telecom Abbreviation. OSS/BSS architecture is evolving to support superior 5G service experience. As the. There are many factors to consider. Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications. Therefore, service providers should be ready for it. Telecom BSS. At WPITS, we lead the way with our advanced Business Support System (BSS), designed to revolutionise your telecom operations. A phone number that is used like this is often called a "DID" (and multiple numbers are called "DIDs”). As the name suggests, OSS refers to hardware and software tools used on the operations side of a telecommunications network, including computers, servers. Creating an OSS/BSS Transformation Plan (PAOSS-PRE-01) $ 497. TSS Telecom Abbreviation 6. OSS/BSS, in telecommunications, stands for operations support system/business support system. Rate it: BSS: Board Simulator Series. there is a lot that’s going behind the scenes for the telecom industry that is slowly trying to take a turn toward 5G. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new. SID can be considered as the language of the NGOSS. Most common BSS abbreviation full forms updated in November 2023 Suggest. It is an abbreviation for “bulls***,” which is a crass way of saying that something is unfair or untrue. BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem consists of two parts: BSC & BTS . An Operatios Support System is a computer system used by service providers and businesses in order to control, monitor, analyze, and manage their networks. The legacy OSS/BSS infrastructure is rigid, siloed, and designed for basic functions like charging, billing, and order management. " Username or email. BSS Meaning. Bachelor of Social Studies Academic Degree, Education, Bachelor's Degree, Computing, Qualification, Scientific & Educational. Originally known as Telecommunication Network. Dramatically reduce operational delays and improve data integrity. BSS. The 5G B2B customer experience must evolve. Telecom providers today need a way of constantly monitoring themselves if they hope to reduce expenses and. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node. Legacy BSS/OSS architecture in telecom can no longer cover all the market needs or fulfill the necessary security requirements. The Business Process Framework is an operating model framework for telecom service providers in the telecommunications industry. Technology, Technical, Computer. Please look for them carefully. The future of OSS and BSS lies in their ability to work together even more closely. – DK’s favorite number is 17. In keeping with the philosophy of Ericsson’s entire Digital BSS portfolio its. According to Allied Market Research, the global BSS/OSS market was valued at $36. Backup System Services Science, Space, Cosmos, NASA, Governmental & Military. The activities that come under this umbrella include billing, service fulfilment, revenue management, customer management, order management, product catalogues and charging, etc. But that doesn’t also mean we shouldn’t strive for a little more simplicity. BSS - What does. Convergent BSS are designed to support multiple types of services, such as voice, data, video, and content. What Is Oss Bss Architecture. TSS Telecom Abbreviation. Vote. In telecom, OSP stands for outside plant. EMS can manage (i. Yet as telcos move to a digital-centric world, many find that their BSS platforms—which have powered business processes for years—either can’t keep up or require a great deal of time, expense, and effort to make the jump. 1 vote. In computer programming, the block starting symbol (abbreviated to . The BroadForward Binding Support Function (BroadForward BSF) enables policy/charging (PCF/CHF) scaling of the 5G network while ensuring session correlation for HTTP/2. As the name suggests, OSS refers to hardware and software tools used on the operations side of a telecommunications network, including computers, servers. The package is Huawei top of the range cloud application features portfolio for BSS, OCS and Billing. BTS. BSS. In Figure-1, CSMF takes the business requirements from OSS/BSS and transforms communication service requirements to network slice requirements and is consumed by NSMF. A Base Station controller (BSC) is a telecommunication network component responsible for the control of one or more Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). IT managed BSS applications, whereas the network department dealt with OSS applications. Comarch CRM for Telecoms (within Comarch BSS) is a user-friendly system dedicated to helping customer service representatives build unique and personalized customer relations. Again, the BSS market offered no off-the-shelf solution which could meet MDT’s needs, so it was decided that MDT would build a new BSS solution in-house. Technology, Technical, Telecom. Even logistics, a notoriously difficult industry for CX, has an NPS average of 38. During a telecom audit, a team of auditing experts will look for things such as: Unused lines. Broadband Switching SystemOrder Management. In addition, Use of Cloud OSS/BSS in telecom industry will drive the growth of Cloud OSS/BSS market. Samy Al Ghassany, COO. This easy to read 70+ page introduction to OSS assumes you know very little about either telecoms or the. While OSS support and automate all network operations, BSS supports and automates additional. The entire . A third key trend in telecom BSS is the adoption of convergent systems and solutions. Some of the best practices for a transformative BSS are: Identifying and remediating defects as early as possible. An invoicing-related use case provides a good illustration of how AI adds value to BSS. In telecom, both OSS and BSS are widespread terms, but what do they stand for, and what is the difference between them? Operations support systems (OSS) and business support systems (BSS) are IT systems that are crucial in supporting various telecommunications services. It helps us to identify the business entities that play role in the business processes of a telecommunications. . Business » General Business-- and more. OSS stands for Operations Support System, while BSS stands for Business Support System. The European. The world of telecommunications is filled with complex terminology that can be difficult to understand for those who are not familiar with the industry. BSs. 20. Lookup of capacity availability and ability to provision. What about today? BSS stands for Business Support Systems, and it refers to the software applications and processes that support the business operations of telecom service providers. Effectively overcome typical interoperability hurdles and bring order to your diverse software environments. Telecom infrastructure providers across the globe are transitioning to 5G networks, which are about 100 times faster. . Base Stations. What is TSS meaning in Telecom? 20 meanings of TSS abbreviation related to Telecom: Telecom. With support from France Telecom, a newly expanded team of software engineers, many of whom are still at MDS Global today, created Dawes Information Systems Europe (DISE), a fully-convergent. Mediation and rating are two essential functions of telecom business support systems (BSS) that enable operators to collect, process, and charge for the usage of their services. used in a sentence. A BSS system constructed in a centralized mode in a corporation is called a Shared BSS, which is a private cloud constructed in on-promise mode. Cloud journeys are well underway, and BSS stands to benefit in terms of agility and operational efficiency. MU-MIMO. Rate it: BSS: Bald Spot Sports. They assist service providers in designing, building, operating,. The base station subsystem ( BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. , telephone networks). The OSS supports management functions like network inventory, management, and configuration. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 2. This includes network monitoring and management, fault management, performance management, and provisioning. Password. BSS stands for business support systems, which are the software applications that handle the end-to-end business operations of telecom operators, such as product catalog, order management, billing. BSS having two components BTS and BSC. Standards in OSS/BSS help create synergies and enable plug-and-play business, innovative business models, and data monetization. 5 Features of a Future-Proof OSS Architecture for Telcos. Business Support. OLO. Mobile Switching Center: A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a network switching subsystem (NSS). Analysis Mason estimates that over 90% of CSPs in North America, Asia–Pacific and Europe will have their OSS/BSS stacks running on cloud infrastructure by 2022, with well over 60% on hybrid cloud. Technology, Technical, Computer Security. INAP stands for Intelligent Network Application Part and is the top most layer of the SS7 protocol stack. The differences between BSS vs OSS telecom is also useful to know when when examining telecom operations’ business and operational components. They stand for the youth, for the oppressed and those struggling with life. What does BSS mean? BSS stands for Basic Synchronized Subset (also Basic Service Set and 645 more) Rating: 2. It became an independent corporation when it was acquired by CSG Holdings in. Why telgoo5 is the best BSS. BTS. What is BSS meaning in Telecommunications? 1 meaning of BSS abbreviation related to Telecommunications: 1. An Operatios Support System is a computer system used by service providers and businesses in order to control, monitor, analyze, and manage their networks. Adding satellite communication to the terrestrial Global System for Mobile ( GSM ). OSS is a functional entity which. It is driven by demanding. In the 5G era, telecom BSS will become the primary. The transition to 5G OSS and BSS. While the OSS maintains network inventory, management and operations. We are pioneering superior service experience and. Now includes 5G references. Reasons to Bury the BSS-as-a-Service Idea. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of. Business Support Systems (BSS) refer to “Business Layer” inside the organization and are responsible for customer entry, order entry, billing and. The skills area can provide searchable key industry words for applicant tracking systems (ATS) and search engines and yet only. Find out more about AWS for Telecom. Equipment order entry. OSS and BSS are the key enablers for telecom infrastructure providers and operators in meeting the demands of this networked society. This AI-based network tool optimizes energy savings and network performance simultaneously. Telecom providers today need a way of constantly monitoring themselves if they hope to reduce expenses and. This inflexibility needed to be addressed to reduce costs and decrease the time required to complete business processes in the pursuit of increased revenues and profitability. Telecom, Information Technology, Cable Telecommunications. UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless Internet connectivity, or antennas mounted on buildings or telecommunication towers. BSS stands for Business Support Systems, and here business means nothing but MONEY. Sometimes it also called as Operational Support Systems. This will include various “as a Service” commercial model constructs. Computing » Telecom-- and more. So BSS are the set of systems and functions interconnected. definition: . At core, mediation involves data transfer between various systems with or without modification of data starting from Network elements to any OSS/BSS systems. What does MDN stand for in Telecom? Get the top MDN abbreviation related to Telecom. 9. It basically provides a building block to all wireless LAN (Local Area Network). Key capabilities of a complete solution include, though are not. 100 things i love about my daughter; vallejo weathering effects; kentucky derby standings. Ericsson Billing is a convergent billing solution for telecoms that combines an unrivalled combination of out-of-the box features and high configurability. The MSC is mostly associated with communications switching functions, such as call set-up, release, and routing. Vote. BSS: Bit Stream Signed: BSS: Bennoo Siggil Senegaal (Wolof: United to Boost Senegal) BSS: Birmingham Signposting Service (UK) BSS: Broadbeach State School (Gold Coast, Australia) BSS: Border Security Sector (Kuwait) BSS: Benowa State School (Gold Coast, Australia) BSS: Blood-Stained Sputum: BSS: Bharat Security Supply (India) BSS BSS stands for Business Support System. RFS are associated with resource technology specific services i. The Base Station Controller (BSC) The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. This article will discuss the impacts and key technological requirements in OSS/BSS of the telecom operators for enabling smooth integration of 5G-based applications and services. It offers an unrivalled combination of out-of-the box features with a high level of configurability. By creating a digitally enabled experience for customers, it provides the support needed to seamlessly guide them through their digital journey. BSS covers functions. 2. BSS Meaning. Huawei BSS SaaS including CRM and billing system. Signal is measured by the receive signal strength. Working with standards, such as those from TM Forum, can lead to a flexible, scalable, and interoperable ecosystem for 5G monetization. OSS, which stands for operations support systems or operational support systems, is a collection of computer programs designed to help providers monitor, analyze, and manage telecom networks. It has the following roles with regards to operations in the telecom industry: 1. OSS, which stands for operations support systems or operational support systems, is a collection of computer programs designed to help providers monitor, analyse and manage telecom networks. MDN Telecom Abbreviation 1. OSS (operation and support system) OR NSS (Network Subsystem or Network Switching Subsystem) 3. BSS means Basic Synchronized Subset. CFS and RFS typically have different lifecycles, CFS are related to customer and product changes and RFS to technology changes. CSG was founded by Neal Hansen as a division of First Data in 1982. CSG is a multinational corporation headquartered in Greenwood Village, Colorado. BSS automation can help telecom operators reduce manual intervention, human errors, operational costs, and time to market, while improving data quality, accuracy, consistency, and compliance. The Business Process Framework (also known as eTOM) is a comprehensive, industry-agreed, multi-layered view of the key business processes required to run an efficient and agile digital enterprise. It provides a common language for use across departments, systems, partners and suppliers, reducing cost and risk of system. 5G, is a packet oriented mobile data standard on the 2G cellular communication network's global system for mobile communications (GSM). 11 LAN. What does OSS stand for in telecom? An operations support system (OSS) is a software component that enables a service provider to. optical line terminal (OLT): An optical line terminal (OLT) is the endpoint hardware device in a passive optical network ( PON ). BSS meaning Business Support System is a tool developed to provide support to client’s business. Please look for them carefully. CSG is a multinational corporation headquartered in Greenwood Village, Colorado. Get Free Demo. Most common BSS abbreviation full forms updated in October 2023 Suggest. To succeed. "Streamline your operations with OSS BSS solutions. Omantel. Step 2: The service provider pushes the usage files to a secure FTP location (via a VPN) At predefined intervals (15 minutes is typical) Step 3: The billing. O-RAN - Architecture, Benefits, Components & Terminologies - STL TechWhat does MDN stand for in Telecom? Get the top MDN abbreviation related to Telecom. As the traditional public switched telephone network has evolved, voice telephone services have converged with packet -oriented internet traffic, such as voice over IP. Broad Street railway station (England) Broad Street Subway, alternative name for the Broad Street Line, a rapid transit line in Philadelphia. Delivered by our L-band satellite network, BGAN is the industry standard for mobile satellite connectivity, trusted by governments and businesses across the world to deliver when you need it most. Now, networks and services are more complicated, more flexible, and telcos offer a range of differentiated. The BSS meaning is "Backup System Services". Amdocs Customer Experience Suite. These programs can include. It has a wide application in the Internet of Things (IoT) and revolutionalized the mobile entertainment industry. BSS stands for Business Support Systems, and here business means nothing but MONEY. ODA replaces traditional operations and business support systems (OSS/BSS) with a new approach to building software for the telecoms industry, opening a market for standardized, cloud-native software components, and enabling communication service providers and suppliers to invest in IT for new and differentiated services instead of maintenance and. The radio components of a BSS may consist of four to seven or nine cells. To understand the implementation of OSS/BSS infrastructure to Oracle solution, one must understand what is OSS and BSS in telecom and what was the need for this implementation. The BSS meaning in Telecom terms is "Base Station Subsystem". Base Station Subsystem. OSS/BSS is a core component of the telecom industry today. With modules encompassing CRM, order management, revenue finesse, and. BSS host customer touch point applications and supporting inventories. In reality, their name stands for many things. Data Analytics entails analysing large data sets to uncover trends and gain valuable insights from the data. These are the most popular options for constructing real estate. Mediation software performs various operations from data collection to downstream. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node. A sixth trend and innovation in BSS is to implement customer loyalty programs that reward customers for their continued patronage and engagement with telecom operators. 12. TSTT. Telecom BSS (business support systems) campaign management tools are software applications that help you plan, execute, and monitor marketing campaigns. OSS/BSS is the combination of Business and Operations Support Systems. What is MDN meaning in Telecom? 2 meanings of MDN abbreviation related to Telecom: Telecom. With the help of OSS/BSS telecommunications, service providers provide various functions and services. What is OSS and BSS in telecom? This video provides an explanation about what Operations Support Systems and Business Support Systems are in the telecom. Streaming and downloading of videos and audio. BSS: Business Support Systems On the other side of the coin, the money side, we have BSS. The two systems, operated together by telecommunications service providers, are used to support a range of telecommunication services. As the name suggests, this is a SIM card that’s built into your smartphone and can’t be removed. Business support systems ( BSS) are the components that a telecommunications service provider (or telco) uses to run its business operations towards customers. Operation Support Systems /Business Support Systems (OSS/BSS) are the heart of the telecom operations and will be heavily impacted with 5G-based application and services. Net present value. Information Transfer protocol. At SATELLITE 2012, one of the most frequently discussed subtexts to more familiar topics was the blurring of the lines between fixed and mobile satellite service (FSS and MSS). This two-day. IoT can also provide data for predictive, diagnostics, and. These devices can communicate with each other and share data. Technology, Technical, Computer Security. OSS/BSS architecture is evolving to support superior 5G service experience. Basic service sets (BSS) The BSS is the basic building block of an IEEE 802. Since UMTS is JAVA compatible, gaming was also introduced on a different scale on mobile devices. Arrow. Starting with the basics, we explain why OSS plays an important role in ensuring users of communication services enjoy a good experience while the operators of the networks run an efficient, profitable business. MANO is a key NFV architectural framework that includes all the essential management modules. Technology, Technical, Telecom. Discover our latest cloud-native, open & modular BSS-OSS-Network suite, with groundbreaking digital-first experience offering, holistic approach to enterprise customers, advanced 5G and IoT monetization, intent-based end-to-end network orchestration, differentiated billing experience, and embedded AI/ML-based. Best OSS/BSS (Operations Support/Business Support) Systems include: Ericsson Automated Network Operations, Nokia Operations Support Systems (OSS), Alcatel-Lucent OSS, Huawei OSS, Netcracker OSS, ServiceNow Telecommunications Service Management, Splynx, Alepo Operation Support System (OSS), Azotel SIMPLer and. 123 Fake Street, City, State, Zip Code. 1. Telecom companies heavily depend on the uninterrupted delivery of their existing services. bss or bss) is the portion of an object file, executable, or assembly language code that contains statically allocated variables that are declared but have not been assigned a value yet. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a set of mobile communications standards and protocols governing second-generation or 2G networks, first developed and deployed in Europe. Suggest. The AP either permits or denies the request. Build streamlined, cloud-based billing systems for voice and data with record-breaking uptime and outstanding cross-integration capabilities. Technology, Networking,. It also contains the equipment for controlling the cell sites that are connected to the MSC. The package is Huawei top of the range cloud application features portfolio for BSS, OCS and Billing. What does OSS mean in telecom? operations support system. 2 Choose your method. While the OSS maintains network inventory, management and operations. It is an estimated measure of power level that an RF client device is receiving from an access point or router. These systems allow an organization to coordinate customers, services, resources, processes, and activities. BSS stands for business support system, which is a term that encompasses the software applications and processes that support the business operations of a telecommunications service provider. See examples of B. ”. OSS, which stands for operations support systems or operational support systems, is a collection of computer programs designed to help providers monitor, analyze, and manage telecom networks. Lee Youngji) WOOZI, BUMZU, Hoshi, Dokyeom, Seungkwan, Lee Youngji. For BSS we have found 500 definitions. OSS stands for Operations Support Systems, referring to software used by telecommunications companies to manage their internal processes. We know 500 definitions for BSS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. In a 5G world, we think that’s the future of BSS/OSS—and therefore the future of the telecom operator. Bill processing, charging, taking. The BSC controls the activities of the BTS. Many of the OODA loop’s basic concepts are found in today’s software agent systems. BSS, short for business support systems, refers to the assortment of software programs that help telecom organizations manage and streamline all customer-facing activities. Customer service is a key differentiator for any telecom operator, and your BSS system plays a vital role in delivering a consistent and satisfying experience to your subscribers. NSS is the core network of GSM. 3. judgment — an act or instance of judging. Also included are providing revenue assurance and business intelligence. TSS. BSS Technology Abbreviation. Other Licensed Operator + 1. One such term is BSS, which stands for Base Station Subsystem. Base Station System. These two systems are fundamentally important in any telecom-specific business operation. OSS, which stands for operations support systems or operational support systems, is a collection of computer programs designed to help providers monitor, analyse and manage telecom networks. The role of telecommunication network/service and. 5. Different methods and technologies, such as application programming.